雅思听力：核心技能—同义置换

听力部分在雅思考试中是比较容易搞定的，但听力题想得高分也绝非易事。
有些基础较好的同学反映，总是把握不住节奏，往往空前或选项中的关键单词听过去了好久才反应过来甚至还没发现。这里有一个简单的原因：同义置换现象没有识别出来。
同义置换，也叫同义转化，英文为“Paraphrase”,即平行短语，是活跃在雅思听力各大题型中的核心考点。
下面，新航道的专家将就同义置换现象给广大考生具体举例分析。

1、同义词、近义词

最常见的同义置换，通常出现在Section2,3中，填空题选择题皆有可能出现。

请看以下两个例子： 
1）剑四Test2 Section 2Question13:
Internationalstudents may find stress difficult to handle because
A. they lacksupport from family and friends
B. they don’t havetime to make new friends
C. they find itdifficult to socialize
听力原文：stress→ anxiety, handle →cope with
A: lack →without
 
2）剑五Test2 Section 4Question31:
More than _____times as big as the UK.
听力原文：morethan → over, as big as the UK →the size of the UK
 
3）E.g.However, women are more prepared to ______ about them.
听力原文：moreprepared to → more willing to
 
由此可见，雅思听力题目的同义词置换频度还是比较高的，虽然没有直接考查考生的词汇量，但能够间接地考察考生对关键词灵活处理的能力。以下还有一些高频同义词和近义词，朗阁海外考试研究中心的专家希望考生们能够在此基础上自行总结出真题里的同义置换词，切实抓住词的内在含义而非词的形式和表达方式，以不变应万变。
 
grow→ increase, expand, rise,improve, soar, climb, extend, rocket
contributeto→cause, trigger, lead to, result in, account for, give rise to, etc.
significant→ crucial, enormous,dramatic, tremendous, remarkable, substantial, etc.
like→ resemble, alike,identical, twin, similar
dependon → rely upon(on), count on,lean on, reckon on, rest on, etc.
large→ big, considerable,enormous, gigantic, substantial, vast, massive, numerous, tremendous
before→ prior to, earlier than,ahead of, previously, formerly, used to, etc.
disadvantage→ drawback, minus,downside, deficiency, problem, flaw, weakness, weak point

2、词性转换
一般情况下词性转换就是形容词，动词，名词，副词之间的相互转换。请看以下例子：
剑四Test 3
23. In the seminarthe work on writing aims to improve
A. confidence
B. speed
C. clarity
听力原文：techniquesto write clearly. Clearly →clarity的paraphrase.
（副词与名词间替换）
 
类似的例子有很多，真题里随处可见。以下是经常发生同义置换的词：
clear—clarity
wide—width
Europe—European
satisfy—satisfactory/satisfaction
photocopier—photocopyingfacilities
available—availability
assess—assessment
unemployment—unemployed
anxious—anxiety

3、逻辑和句式转化

此类同义转化经常出现在Section3,4中。试卷上的表达方式和听到的内容差异较大，也是广大考生跟不上节奏的重要原因。试想，如果没有提前读试题（这个现象非常普遍），在录音开始时才开始浏览，此时考生还要听录音，卷面上的用词面目全非，那么对于基础一般、反应较慢的考生来说正确率可想而知。所以熟悉逻辑转化和句式变化在此就显得尤为重要了。
请看以下几个例子： 
1）听力原文：Assertivenesstraining for pupils who are liable to be victims is worthwhile...
题干：Forexample, potential______ of bullying can be trained to be more self-confident.
 
2）题干：Wheninvesting in stocks and shares, it is suggested that women should put a highproportions of their savings in ______.
听力原文：ahigh proportions of 在此被替换成了70%.
 
3）题干：At that time, local craftsmenfirst built an iron forge just behind the village here.
听力原文：Themetal industry was established at Riverside Village by ______.
注意：
此句中出现了主被动句的互换。也就是说，卷面上出现了被动语态，考生一定要留心主动语态的出现，也就意味着宾语与主语可能位置倒置。一定要留心一开头出现的主语。反之若题干是主动语态，则应积极联想被动形式。

4）剑五 Test4
25. What does Karinthink the company will do?
A. look for privateinvestors
B. accept atakeover offer
C. issue some newshares
选项B→they have the choice of accepting the very favorable terms that another company…havegiven them to buy them out.
选项C→Or they could decide on a bolder move and offer some new shares if they wanted.
√选项A→they will start trying to find individuals who’d be prepared to back them withsome of the capital they need.
 
5）剑五 Test4
26. How does thetutor suggest the company can recover?
A. by appointing anew managing director
B. by changing theway it is organized
C. by closing someof its retail outlets
选项A→Sometimes there is a simple fix such as changing the guy at the top.
选项C→I suspect they will seek to shut down some of their shops.
√选项B→…would be to alter how they’re running things-the management layers andprocesses.