托福雅思分类词汇：生态学ECOLOGY

Words

 

生态学  ECOLOGY acid rain 酸雨  air monitoring空气监测 air pollution空气污染 alternative可替代 atmosphere大气 balance (of nature) 自然界生态平衡  burning of coal and oil carbon碳 carbon dioxide release二氧化碳排放 clean up清楚 climate气候 climatic change长期的气候变化 coal coalification煤化 decibel （噪音）分贝  deforest滥伐森林 desertification沙漠化 deteriorate恶化 dioxide 二氧化物 disposal废物处理 drought干旱 ecologist 生态学家  ecosystem 生态系统  el Niño厄尔尼诺现象 emission(汽车废气的)排放 energy conservation保护能源 energy source 能源资源 environment 环境 Environmental Awareness Club

exhaust fumes废气 fauna 动物群  flood洪水  flora 植物群  food chain食物链 fossil fuel fuel-efficient节能型的 fumes （有毒）废气  garbage垃圾 gas 天然气 global warming 全球变暖 greenhouse effect 温室效应  ice-cap 冰盖 industrial sewage工业污水 infrared radiation 红外线辐射  litter 垃圾 long-term 长期 melt 融化 noise pollution 噪音污染  nonrenewable 不可再生 noxious (toxic) 有毒的  offshore spillage 海上漂油 oil ozone layer (ozonosphere) 臭氧层  pollutant污染物 pollute 污染 pollution control 污染控制  pollution污染  pollution-free 无污染

preservation 保存，保留 process of photo synthesis光合作用 purify净化 rain forest 雨林  recycle回收利用 recycling center再循环利用中心 recycling再循环 resource资源 rise in sea level 海平面上升 rush hour 高峰时刻 sewage (wastewater) 污水  sewage disposal污水处理 sewage purification 污水净化  sewage污水 soil pollution 土壤污染  solar energy 太阳能 solid waste固体废物 soot烟尘 tidal energy 潮汐能 traffic jam交通阻塞 trash bag垃圾袋 ultraviolet radiation 紫外线辐射 upper atmosphere上层大气 waste 废物  wastewater废水 water pollution 水污染  water shortage 水缺乏 wildness 野外 zero emission零辐射

 

 

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Ecology (from Greek: οἶκος, "house", or "environment"; -λογία, "study of"[A]) is the scientific analysis and study of interactions among organisms and their environment. It is an interdisciplinary field that includesbiology, geography, and Earth science. Ecology includes the study of interactions organisms have with each other, other organisms, and with abiotic components of their environment. Topics of interest to ecologists include thediversity, distribution, amount (biomass), and number (population) of particular organisms, as well as cooperation and competition between organisms, both within and among ecosystems. Ecosystems are composed of dynamically interacting parts including organisms, the communities they make up, and the non-living components of their environment. Ecosystem processes, such as primary production, pedogenesis, nutrient cycling, and various niche construction activities, regulate the flux of energy and matter through an environment. These processes are sustained by organisms with specific life history traits, and the variety of organisms is called biodiversity.Biodiversity, which refers to the varieties of species, genes, and ecosystems, enhances certain ecosystem services.

 

Ecology is not synonymous with environment, environmentalism, natural history, or environmental science. It is closely related to evolutionary biology, genetics, and ethology. An important focus for ecologists is to improve the understanding of how biodiversity affects ecological function. Ecologists seek to explain:

• Life processes, interactions, and adaptations

• The movement of materials and energy through living communities

• The successional development of ecosystems

• The abundance and distribution of organisms and biodiversity in the context of the environment.

 

Ecology is a human science as well. There are many practical applications of ecology in conservation biology, wetland management, natural resource management (agroecology, agriculture, forestry, agroforestry, fisheries), city planning (urban ecology), community health, economics, basic and applied science, and human social interaction (human ecology). For example, the Circles of Sustainability approach treats ecology as more than the environment 'out there'. It is not treated as separate from humans. Organisms (including humans) and resources composeecosystems which, in turn, maintain biophysical feedback mechanisms that moderate processes acting on living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) components of the planet. Ecosystems sustain life-supporting functions and produce natural capital like biomass production (food, fuel, fiber, and medicine), the regulation of climate, global biogeochemical cycles, water filtration, soil formation, erosion control, flood protection, and many other natural features of scientific, historical, economic, or intrinsic value.

 

The word "ecology" ("Ökologie") was coined in 1866 by the German scientist Ernst Haeckel (1834–1919). Ecological thought is derivative of established currents in philosophy, particularly from ethics and politics.[1] Ancient Greek philosophers such as Hippocrates and Aristotle laid the foundations of ecology in their studies on natural history. Modern ecology became a much more rigorous science in the late 19th century. Evolutionary concepts relating to adaptation and natural selectionbecame the cornerstones of modern ecological theory.