首先让我们思考一个问题:
什么是非谓语动词
不能做谓语的动词就是非谓语动词,主要有以下三大类:分词、不定时和动名词。
非谓语动词可以在句子中充当多种成分,例如主语、宾语、定语、状语、补语等。
下面我们将从句法功能入手来分析三类非谓语动词。
非谓语动词的三大种类
分词
分词有两类,分别是现在分词和过去分词。
从意义上来说,现在分词主要表示主动或者进行的状态;过去分词表示的是被动和完成的状态。
分词在句子中可以做一下成分:
分词作定语:
例1:Trucks and buses were driven on gas carried in large bags on the roof.
(在本句中,gas后面紧跟了一个过去分词结构作为其后置定语,表示一种被动状态;说明gas是被运输的)
例2:The girl standing there was crying.
(该句中,standing there作the girl的后置定语,且使用现在分词表示主动关系。意思是:这个站在这儿的女孩儿)
分词作状语:
例1:He glanced over at her, noting that though she was tiny, she seemed very well put together.
(本句中,逗号后紧跟着一个noting引导的分词结构,作为glanced over at her的伴随状语,表示同时进行的动作)
例2:He fired, killing one of the passers-by.
(本句中,killing引导了一个现在分词结构,作fired的结果状语)
例3:Being tired with the work, he sat down to rest.
(本句中,分词结构being tired with the work作为原因状语,提前说明了后续结果的原因)
However, public infrastructure did not keep pace
with urban sprawl, causing massive congestion
problems which now make commuting times far higher.
主干:public infrastructure did not keep pace with
urban sprawl
1. 在该句中,第二个逗号后紧跟这一个causing引导的分词结构,作为did not keep pace with urban sprawl的伴随状语,表示同时发生的动作。
2. 伴随状语中又包含了which引导的定语从句,修饰problems。
翻译:然而,公共基础设施没有跟上城市夸张的步伐,从而导致了大规模的拥堵问题,现在通勤时间要更加久。
The first station is expected to be installed off Lynmouth in Devon shortly to test the technology in a venture jointly funded by the department of Trade and Industry and the European Union.
主干:The first station is expected to be installed off shortly
1. 句子可以划分成两个部分,第1个是主句The first station is expected to be installed off shortly;第二部分是to test到句末,该部分在句子中作为主语的状语,表示目的。
2. 过去分词funded作venture的后置定语,表示被动,jointly funded表示联合资助。
3. 句末的by the department Union作状语,表示动作funded的发出者
翻译:不久之后,第1站预计将在德文郡的林矛斯附近安装,以测试由毛衣和工业部以及欧盟联合资助的合资企业的技术。
不定式
不定式由to+动词原因构成,具有动词的特征,同时也可以作名词、形容词副词,能作什么由处句中的位置决定。
1. 不定式作目的状语
例如:He sent his daughter to America to learn English.
(该句中,to learn English作目的状语,说明去美国的目的)
2. 不定式作宾语补足语
例如:We believe him to be guilty.
(该句中,不定式to be guilty作为him的宾语补足语)
3. 不定式作后置定语
例如:The topic to be discussed at the meeting is still unknown.
(本句中,不定式to be discussed作为topic的后置定语)
4. 不定式作主语
例如:To know oneself is difficult.
(本句中,不定式to know oneself作句子主语)
5. 不定式作表语
例如:My work is to clean the room every day.
(该句为主语+系统词+表语结构,不定式to clean the room作表语)
It is common for supporters of road networks to reject the models of cities with good public transport by arguing that such systems would not work in their particular city.
主干:It is common for supporters of road networks
该句子由it is +adj to do sth 结构构成。
其中it没有实际含义,真正的主语是由后面不定式结构to reject the models of cities……构成,因此句子亦可以写成to reject the models of cities with good public transport by arguing that such systems would not work in their particular city.
翻译:道路网络的支持者通常会拒绝良好的公共交通城市模型,因为他们认为这样的交通系统不适用于他们的特定城市。
动名词
动名词在形式上面和现在分词相同,都是动词原形的末尾+ing,但是表达的意义不如现在分词强烈,因为动名词已经将动作名词化了,相当于名词和代词的作用。
1. 动名词作主语:
例如:It’s necessary to be prepared for a job interview, having the answers ready well be of the great help.
(本句中,动名词结构having the answers ready well充当分词的主语)
2. 动名词作宾语:
例如:Her job was washing clothes.
(本句中,washing clothes作为句子的表语,说明她的工作内容是什么)
3. 动名词作宾语:
例如:I avoid telling Jane the truth because I knew she would be angry.
(动名词结构telling Jane the truth充当avoid的宾语,说明具体避免了什么)
4. 动名词作定语:
A sleeping car
(表示卧铺车,sleeping是car的功能;如果把sleeping理解成现在分词,那么含义就变成了汽车在睡觉,显然不合适,这也是动名词和现在分词的区别)
Understanding how perception becomes intertwined with social decision’s making shows why successful iconoclasts are so rare.
主干: Understanding……shows why……
本句为复合句。主语结构较长,由动名词Understanding how……making充当,其中后为Understanding,其后是how引导的定语从句讲述具体理解的内容,谓语shows,宾语是why引导的从句,作为宾语从句。宾语从句中又是主系表结构说明成功的反传统者很少的原因。
翻译:理解洞察力是如何跟社会决策交织在一起也就说明了成功的反传统者为何如此至少。
希望今天的内容能对大家有所帮助。