2012年3月18日 托福考试阅读部分在以往机经中没有找到，应该是一套新题。根据考生回忆还原了本次托福阅读部分的文章内容和相关背景，希望对同学们有所帮助。
　　篇：真菌（fungi）
　　>考生回忆：
　　·在欧洲，过去采集真菌相对容易；而现在不仅数量减少了，外形也变小了。真菌有很强的环境敏感度，这同树木不同；故环境出现问题则真菌首当其冲。真菌也可以储存养分供给树木。
　　·在北美，那里的人食用真菌类食物（如蘑菇）比较少，且历史较短。人们把其他蘑菇等都算进真菌里面。虽然没有显著减少，但是也有危险。
　　·里面用了很多TPO文章The Arrival of Plant Life in Hawaii的很多内容；

　　第二篇：美国工业化、铁路与内战

　　>考生回忆：
　　·美国的农业在新英格兰地区发展，所有的必需品由水路运输。由于土地条件、收益甚微及内陆农业发达等原因，新英格兰地区农业发展开始转向工业发展，而原来的农业人口成为了首批产业工人。
　　·美国工业的发展过程中，铁路运输贯穿始终。随着铁路网的密集化，西部的矿产可以很容易地运往东部。
　　·而南部却则一直发展农业。而内战（南北战争）是一个彻底的分捩点，南部确定了其农业主导的地位。
　　·这种南北经济向不同方向转型并引发内战的原因归结于铁路的发展。
　　·美国的工业归根结底是建立在车轮子上的。
　
　　第三篇：human activity and archaeological records
　　第三篇只回忆出了标题，而且范围有些过大（人类活动与考古记录），并不易于还原。
　　1. 历史老师对学生文章的问题，老师说了杰斐逊的事情，然后学生说要写论文写2个人，老师介绍了2个人对北美土著人的影响，学生说实际上想写的是这2个人的计划，然后学生说历史用网络搜索不太靠谱，说有的商业化，有的信息有倾向性，老师说你要critical thinking，然后此处还有重听问老师的态度是什么。
　　2. 昆虫学讲座，讲述一种M蝴蝶可以迁移，从加拿大美国飞到墨西哥，有学生问说蝴蝶为什么可以迁移，蝴蝶翅膀很没力而且寿命很短，老师说这个蝴蝶比一般蝴蝶生命力强很多，出生时间好像和一般蝴蝶不一样，然后可以储存能量，可以在有某种的情况下，储存能量。
　　1)主要内容？
　　M蝴蝶为什么可以迁移。
　　2)普通蝴蝶的特点？
　　蝴蝶翅膀很没力而且寿命很短
　　3)这个蝴蝶的特点？
　　这个蝴蝶生命力强很多。
　　4)出现不同特点的原因？（多选）
　　A.出生时间=和一般蝴蝶不一样，B.可以储存能量
　　5)什么情况下可以储存能量？
　　3. 艺术史讲座。教授讲了关于达达主义，说有传统西方特色，说这是回顾内容，然后说了个新的S主义，说这个主义受2个因素影响，然后看了副画，然后问学生能推断出什么来，说受弗洛伊德的心理学影响是个梦，说受爱因斯坦的相对论影响，时间和空间的概念只是相对的。这个画也表达了同样的意思。
　　1)主要内容？
　　S主义受2个因素影响。
　　2)学生能从画推断出什么？
　　3)为什么提到弗洛伊德？
　　因为弗洛伊德的心理学影响是个梦。
　　4)为什么提到爱因斯坦？
　　相对论影响，时间和空间的概念只是相对的，画表达了同样的意思。
　　4. 书店买书对话，女学生要买人类学的书，然后网上订了没成功还是怎么回事（有题问imply什么），然后店员说没书了，学生问为什么书那么少，店员说有的人喜欢退课，有的人不喜欢在这买书，学生说她上学期在同学那买的书（有题目，问学生的意思是什么），然后学生让店员在找找，说是室友那买了一本（有题），店员说没有了，建议去图书馆看看，说老师一般会把书留到图书馆的，可以去copy。
　　1)对话目的？
　　询问网上订了书没成功还是怎么回事。
　　2)为什么没有成功？
　　有的人喜欢退课，有的人不喜欢在这买书，所以书进的少。
　　3)为什么提到students?
　　学生说她上学期在同学那买的书，意思是可以买得到。
　　4)为什么提到roomate?
　　室友那买了一本，意思是可以买得到。
　　5)解决方案？
　　去图书馆，可以去copy。
　　5. 教授讲述了粮食储存的问题，说了一个国家在2个年代的储存方法，一个是地上，一个地下（有题目），然后之前说了希腊和埃及也有储存（有题），然后说储存也包含了一种等地观点，然后好像比较了2个方式。
　　1)主要内容？
　　一个国家在2个年代的粮食储存方法。
　　2)哪两种方法？
　　一个是地上，一个地下。
　　3)为什么提到希腊和埃及？
　　因为希腊和埃及也有储存，说明这个国家储存的方法
　　4) 等地观点包括哪两个方式？
　　6. 地理学讲座，讲述关于冰川反射。
　　Task 1: Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: The internet plays an important role in your life. Use specific examples and details to support your answer.
　　Of course the internet plays a very important role in my life. One of the most important things I use the internet for is my school work. I use the internet to do research for the papers my teacher assigns. My teacher also suggests we look at certain websites to help study for exams. If I did not have access to the internet, I would not be able to do these assignments. The internet is also important to keep in contact with friends and family. I know that when I go to study abroad, having the internet to keep in touch with people will make it easier to be so far away from home. Not to mention that it is very difficult to even apply to foreign schools without the internet!
　　Task 2: Are the living standards of people today better than the past? Give details and examples to support your response. Begin your response after the beep.
　　It’d undeniable that the living conditions of people today are better than previous generations. Technology has made that totally possible. For example probably one the biggest advancements within the past hundred years is the treatment of water and the ability to have clean drinking water for many more places. Whereas previously people used wells and tried to heat and boil water in order to clean it by themselves, now there are water treatment facilities. This helps people avoid diseases and actually live healthier and better lives.
　　独立题分析如下：
　　Task 1: Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: The internet plays an important role in your life. Use specific examples and details to support your answer.
　　这道题目表面看是一道“Do you agree or disagree”的选择，似乎既可以同意，也可以反对。但仔细想想，网络对于我们生活的重要性已经是毋庸置疑的了，所以ETS把这道题目放在题考，就是说明不存在选择问题，只要说明白网络对于我们现在生活的重要意义就可以了。
　　也有学生回忆的机经是：说一个internet的好处，应该是ETS对上面这道题目的改写。
　　internet的好处：
　　1. 信息的快速大量传播：blog, microblog等等
　　2. 资料检索方便：google, yahoo等search engine
　　3. 人与人之间交流的便捷：email, social networking sites等等
　　4. 娱乐的重要资源：联网游戏、在线看电影、分享视频，听音乐等等
　　5. 改变我们的生活习惯、交流方式
　　6. 拓展眼界、了解世界
　　等等…
　　Task 2: Are the living standards of people today better than the past (100 years ago)? Give details and examples to support your response. Begin your response after the beep.
　　这道题目是真正的两者之间的选择，既可以说现在的生活水平比一百年前的过去好，也可以说比过去差，关键看选取的角度。
　　现在的生活水平比一百年前的过去好：这个角度是比较容易说的角度，考试现场操作选取这个角度比较保险，因为可以说出很多现代社会进步、比过去优越的地方。
　　现在的生活水平没有一百年前的过去好：这个角度比较新颖，但也不是无话可说，说好了可以很出彩。
　　1.过去的生活更干净，没有现在的各种污染
　　2.过去的生活更和谐，天人合一，没有现在生态失衡
　　3.过去的生活节奏更慢，有益于身心健康，没有现代人的各种快节奏和压力
　　4.过去的食物都是现在的有机食物概念，没有各种转基因、激素的使用
　　等等……
　　综合题机经如下：
　　Task 3：一个学校的政策 要求不要在学生活动中心的入口帖广告影响外观 可以将广告贴在食堂外面 学生不同意 1） 学生活动中心本来就很boring 外面有些广告会看上去更漂亮 2） 根本没什么人在食堂吃饭 帖了广告也看不到。
　　Task 4：动物是怎么警告捕食者的通过显目的颜色或者释放臭气
　　Task 5：一个学生明天有电影课还有讨论 但是他明天侄子要来两个方案 一，由另外一个女生代替他去接待侄子 但是缺点是侄子比较害羞二，先由自己带侄子吃饭 晚一点再看电影缺点就是不能参加讨论
2012年3月18日托福独立写作
　　Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? there is never good resaon to be impolite(rude) to another person.
　　People today enjoy great material wealth due to hard work, but some complain that people today are less polite than they used to be. Extremists argue that people do not need to have the conventional social norms, such as saying hello to other people, because those manners are a waste of time. However, I think politeness is important in many aspects of modern life.
　　First, in dealing relationships with family and friend, people need to be polite and considerate. Many young people today claim that they are too busy to call their parents and contact their friends. Once, I refused to spend time talking with parents, using the excuse that I had too much work. The consequence was that my mother got angry and hung up the phone. Our relationship was strained, but I soon realized my rudeness and apologized to my mother. My mother forgave me because I showed my respect and concern for her. This situation is also true for friends. Politeness is a bond in relationships with close family members and friends.
　　Second, in a working environment, one needs to obey the basic social norms of courtesy for interpersonal communication. Consider a rude colleague who is always short and unpleasant with his coworkers. Not many people are willing to work with him, because he does not show any basic skills or ability to deal with people. On the contrary, a coworker who smiles and acts respectfully towards others will certainly be more popular and easier to work with. Obviously, politeness will never be outdated, no matter how busy the world becomes.
　　Third, in the political realm and entertainment industry, celebrities need to show a gracious and friendly manner in order to maintain a positive image. All politicians have a hectic agenda. But when they are giving a speech to the public, politicians need to dress appropriately and speak in a certain way. Patience when answering questions is also a must. Similarly, a famous movie star or a pop singer needs to show a friendly attitude towards any crazy fan. Otherwise, the printing media will make a big deal out of his/her unappreciative manner towards fans.
　　In conclusion, though the world today drives people to work like machines, politeness is a prerequisite for people to have a satisfying home life and a fulfilling career. (386 words)
2010.8.21NA
　　Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? We should never be impolite to another person.
　　Nowadays there is a wide agreement that courtesy is considered to be a basic quality people should have. However, people have conflicting opinions on whether we should always be polite to others. Though the majority of people insist that we should never be impolite to another person, I can hardly agree.
　　Admittedly, being polite is necessary in most occasions. Mostly, opportunities and luck lie in courtesy. For example, an interviewer is more likely to offer a position in the university students union to a polite student instead of a rude one; a professor tends to help a kind student with his problems. However, to say that we should never be impolite to another person is an overstatement because exceptions do exist.
　　First, being polite sometimes means we encourage harassment. Consider celebrities. Pop stars have huge fans that are eager to know the tiniest things about their idols’, not only their new songs, new movies and public activities, but also who they are dating and where they go for dinner in their private life. In order to capture striking news and sell it to the press, paparazzi stalk famous people wherever they go and take photos out of nowhere. Honestly, these actions seriously interfere with the celebrities’ daily lives. Once, a famous singer who was pregnant went shopping with her assistant. The paparazzi waited outside the shopping mall and crazily took photos of her, which will harm her baby. The singer begged them to stop shooting photos, but the paparazzi just did not listen. Not until her assistant yelled at them and threatened to accuse did the paparazzi finally leave. That is a case that politeness does not work.
　　Secondly, when a crime happens, it is ridiculous for us to be polite to criminals. On one hand, it is hard to imagine policemen walk toward a criminal on a crime scene and inform the criminal in a tender voice that he is under arrest. The normal and reasonable action for policemen is to pull out their guns and shout “freeze!”, then handcuff the criminal. No one would agree that pointing guns at others and handcuffing them are polite, but it is rudeness that works when arresting a criminal. In addition, being angry about the crime, the witnesses would criticize the criminal and express their resentment. Staying calm and being polite would be regarded cold-blooded.
　　In conclusion, although it is basic for people to be polite most of the times, there are exceptions that urge impoliteness. Therefore, the claim that we should never be impolite to others is an overstatement. (433 words)