你是否上了不少课，但阅读分数从来没上过20分？是否做了不少题，但理解始 终存在问题、分数波动得厉害？是否已经到了阅读学习的瓶颈疲惫期，看不到进步，坚持不下去？如果这些问题你都中招了，那么接下去请认真把这篇文章看完。

做完题之后的精读以及对错题的分析很有必要。我们结合例子来了解下具体的要求。

精读建议如下（以TPO40-1 para. 3为例）：

The first steps toward change were taken by Solon in 594 B. C., when he broke the aristocracy's stranglehold（束缚） on elected offices// by establishing wealth rather than birth as the basis of office holding, abolishing（废除） the economic obligations（责任义务） of ordinary Athenians to the aristocracy, and allowing the assembly (of which all citizens were equal members) to overrule（推翻） the decisions of local courts（法庭） in certain cases. The strength of the Athenian aristocracy was further weakened during the rest of the century // by the rise of a type of government known as a tyranny, which is a form of interim（过渡的） rule by a popular strongman (not rule by a ruthless dictator（残暴的独裁者） as the modern use of the term（术语） suggests to us). The Peisistratids, as the succession（继承，继位） of tyrants were called (after the founder of the dynasty, Peisistratos), strengthened Athenian central administration at the expense of（以牺牲...为代价） the aristocracy // by appointing judges throughout the region, producing Athens’ first national coinage（货币）, and adding and embellishing（装饰，修饰） festivals that tended to focus attention on Athens rather than on local villages of the surrounding region. By the end of the century, the time was ripe（成熟的） for more change: the tyrants were driven out, and in 508 B C a new reformer, Cleisthenes, gave final form to the developments reducing aristocratic（贵族的） control already under way. 

本段大意：

1、Solon是雅典民主制改革的第 一人：打破贵族对贵族权利的控制+3个手段；

2、贵族权利被进一步削弱：通过tyranny政府；

3、Peisistratids加强雅典中央集权牺牲贵族利益+3个手段；

4、承上启下，暗示下段落新的改革者：Cleisthenes及其贡献。