作者：倪艳弘老师
简介：托福写作主讲老师。多年英语教学经验，所带学生逾千人，上课亲切细致，教学态度耐心幽默，亲和力强，与学生关系融洽，且注重学生的个性化发展以及学习积极性的增长，让学生在夯实学习基础的同时进一步英语学习兴趣，帮助学生切实提高英语写作能力。
托福考试的第二篇文章——独立写作——对于很多同学来讲是一个比较痛苦的任务。根据官方指南（TOEFL Official Guide）的评分标准，它的结构、内容（展开充分度和逻辑合理性）、语言三个方面都有比较高的要求。
其中最简单的是结构，基本上议论文都是“总-分-总”的套路，学生听老师讲过一遍之后都能明白；内容方面，刚开始在展开上可能有些困难，但是只要按照上课讲解的四种方式对中心句进行论证，再配合适当的练习，也是很好解决的。
所以最困难的要数“语言”这一条，尤其托福本身就是一门语言考试，因此对于大部分同学来说，这一块内容任重道远。OG对于语言表达的要求是这样的：Displays consistent facility in the use of language, demonstrating syntactic variety, appropriate word choice, and idiomaticity, though it may have minor lexical or grammatical errors. 概括起来就是两点：句式丰富，词汇恰当。
今天主要讲一下用词方面。词汇可以从两个角度入手，一个是用上一些书面、、地道的表达；第二个就是通过同义替换。
我之前收到过一篇学生作文，里面的第二个主体段是这样的：
Second, with daily homework, students also can form/cultivate good qualities. The first quality I choose to talk about is esteem and modesty. Everypeopleperson may facedface some difficult questions in homework more or less, and at the same time, there are always someone else who can answer them. The one can be a classmate or a teacher, but no matter who he is, students can realize that they are not perfect or the best one. There are always something they can learn from others, and then they can get over the conceit and treat others more equally. Besides, students can learn to be patient, and understand the importance of efficiency. Since theycan notcannot avoid the homework and have any delay because they have to hand in the next day, they have to finish their work as soon as possible if they want more time under their control. And their efficiency get improved then.
先不说其它不足之处，光是can的用法就足够让人“印象深刻”，反正我遍看完，只记得他满屏的can……而这个现象非常普遍（后来他们班其他同学交上来的作文也有这个问题），那么如何通过同义替换来进行语言文采的？
我们可以先对can进行释义：能够。再对它进行衍生：有机会（能力、方法、途径、资格……）做某事。中文思路开阔之后，英文的表达就多了，比如be able to do sth/ be capable of doing sth/ stand in a qualified position to do sth/ be in a good position to do sth/ gain access to (doing) sth/ be blessed with valuable chances to do sth/ have opportunities to do sth/ be equipped with the government to do sth....
当然，需要强调的是这些词组和can之间还是有些微差别，所以一定要根据具体的语境选择最合适的。比如：With more completed policies, nowadays everyone can receive higher education. 如果改成：With more completed policies, nowadays everyone is blessed with valuable chances to receive higher education. 既可以避免重复使用前面可能已经出现过的can，又可以让表达更加准确，体现出政策对人们受教育机会的增加所带来的好处。再比如：Teachers cannot impact students more than friends do. 如果改成：Teachers do not stand in a better position to impact students than friends do. 同样，可以避免再次出现can，而且表达上更加委婉。 再看第三个例子：Government can protect environment with economic boom. 可以把can进行替换：Government are equipped with the ability to protect environment with economic boom.
所以刚刚那位同学的文章经过修改后（此处主要针对can的修改）如下：
Second, with daily homework, students also canwill cultivate good qualities. The first quality I choose to talk about is esteem and modesty. Every person, more or less, may face some difficult problems in homework, and at the same time, there is always someone else that canis able to answer them. The one can be a classmate or a teacher, but no matter who he is, studentscanare blessed with valuable chances to realize that they are not perfect or the best one. There are always something they can learn from others, and then they canwill stand in a better position to get over the conceit and treat others more equally. Besides, students canthe young have the opportunities to learn to be patient, and understand the importance of efficiency. Since they cannot avoid the homework and have any delay because they have to hand in the next day, they have to finish their work as soon as possible if they want more time under their control. And their efficiency get improved then.
同义替换的积累也是一个长期的过程，除了要多查字典，多背同义词之外，有时候可以让自己的英文表达不要被中文思路给局限住，就像can的几个同义替换，对很多同学来说都不是生词，但自己写的时候往往想不到。因此，同学们写完后可以自己去检查一遍，看看是否有可以修改的地方。
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